Terapia assistida por animais para o tratamento adjuvante da dor em pacientes pediátricos: revisão sistemática
Palavras-chave:
Prática Baseada em Evidências; Crianças; Manejo da Dor; Terapias Complementares; Terapia Assistida por Animais.Resumo
A dor em crianças é uma experiência que gera sofrimento orgânico e psicológico. Quando mal controlada, impacta a qualidade vida. A primeira linha de tratamento envolve a adoção de medicamentos, mas às vezes é insuficiente. A terapia assistida por animais (TAA) é uma medida auxiliar à prevenção e o controle da dor aguda ou crônica em crianças. O objetivo do trabalho apresentado a seguir é avaliar a efetividade da TAA para controle das experiências álgicas, alívio da dor aguda ou crônica de qualquer etiologia em pacientes pediátricos, através de uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Por meio de busca sistemática nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Web of Science e Cochrane Library, bem como por literatura cinzenta, incluíram-se estudos que avaliaram a utilização de TAA em pacientes pediátricos, em comparação com diferentes intervenções para os desfechos: redução da experiência álgica e prevenção da dor. Dois revisores conduziram a busca, a seleção, a inclusão, a exclusão, validação interna e sínese narrativa dos estudos. A estratégia de busca resultou em quatro estudos relevantes nos quais o grupo intervenção utilizou a terapia assistida por cães. Os grupos comparadores utilizaram diferentes estratégias de entretenimento, além de tratamento padrão. A superioridade da TAA para redução ou prevenção da experiência álgica foi relatada em dois estudos. A heterogeneidade clínica impossibilitou a realização de metanálise. As evidências científicas disponíveis são insuficientes para sustentar a efetividade da utilização da TAA para alívio e prevenção da dor em pacientes pediátricos, inviabilizando a generalização dos resultados sobre possíveis benefícios da interação humano-animal. Considera-se a TAA uma prática inovadora de cuidado, de baixo custo operacional e facilmente implementável, com benefícios potenciais para a prática clínica de cuidados pediátricos.
Palavras-chave: prática baseada em evidências; crianças; manejo da dor; terapias complementares; terapia assistida por animais.
Abstract
Pain in children is an experience that generates organic and psychological suffering. When poorly controlled, it impacts life quality. The first line of treatment involves medication, but sometimes it is insufficient. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an auxiliary measure to prevent and control acute or chronic pain in children. The following paper objective is to evaluate AAT effectiveness to controlling pain experiences, relief acute or chronic pain of any etiology in pediatric patients, through a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Through a systematic search in Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases, as well as grey literature, studies were included that evaluated AAT use in pediatric patients compared to different interventions for the endpoints: pain experience reduction and pain prevention. Two reviewers conducted the search, selection, inclusion, exclusion, internal validation, and narrative synthesis of the studies. The search strategy resulted in four relevant studies in which the intervention group used dog-assisted therapy. The comparator groups used different entertainment strategies in addition to standard treatment. The superiority of AAT for reducing or preventing the pain experience was reported in two studies. Clinical heterogeneity made it impossible to perform a meta-analysis. The available scientific evidence is insufficient to support the effectiveness of the use of AAT for pain relief and prevention in pediatric patients, making it impossible to generalize the results about the possible benefits of human-animal interaction. AAT is considered an innovative care practice, of low operational cost and easily implementable, with potential benefits for pediatric clinical care practice.
Keywords: evidence-based practice; children; pain management; complementary therapies; animal-assisted therapy.
Resumen
El dolor en los niños es una experiencia que genera sufrimiento orgánico y psicológico. Cuando está mal controlado, afecta la calidad de vida. La primera línea de tratamiento consiste en tomar medicación, pero en ocasiones eso es insuficiente. La terapia asistida con animales (TAA) es una medida auxiliar en la prevención y control del dolor agudo o crónico en niños. El trabajo que se presenta a continuación tiene como objetivo evaluar la efectividad de la AAT en el control de experiencias dolorosas, alivio del dolor agudo o crónico de cualquier etiología en pacientes pediátricos, a través de una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. A través de una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos Pubmed, Web of Science y Cochrane Library, así como en la literatura gris, se incluyeron estudios que evaluaron el uso de TAA en pacientes pediátricos, en comparación con diferentes intervenciones para los desenlaces: reducción del dolor experimentado y prevención del dolor. Dos revisores realizaron la búsqueda, selección, inclusión, exclusión, validación interna y síntesis narrativa de los estudios. La estrategia de búsqueda dio como resultado cuatro estudios relevantes en los que el grupo de intervención usó terapia asistida con perros. Los grupos de comparación utilizaron diferentes estrategias de entretenimiento, además de la atención estándar. La superioridad de la AAT para reducir o prevenir el dolor fue reportada en dos estudios. La heterogeneidad clínica hizo imposible realizar un metanálisis. La evidencia científica disponible es insuficiente para sustentar la efectividad del uso de AAT para el alivio y prevención del dolor en pacientes pediátricos, por lo que es imposible generalizar los resultados sobre los posibles beneficios de la interacción humano-animal. La TAA es considerada una práctica asistencial innovadora, de bajo costo operativo y de fácil implementación, con potenciales beneficios para la práctica clínica del cuidado pediátrico.
Palabras-clave: práctica basada en evidencias; niños; manejo del dolor; terapias complementarias; terapia asistida con animales.
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